Tài liệu The Psychology of Emotion Fifth edition pptx

LINK DOWNLOAD MIỄN PHÍ TÀI LIỆU "Tài liệu The Psychology of Emotion Fifth edition pptx": http://123doc.vn/document/1037919-tai-lieu-the-psychology-of-emotion-fifth-edition-pptx.htm

Copyright # 2003 John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester,
West Sussex PO19 8SQ, England
Telephone (þ44) 1243 779777
Email (for orders and customer service enquiries): cs-books@wiley.co.uk
Visit our Home Page on www.wileyeurope.com or www.wiley.com
All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording, scanning or otherwise, except under the terms of the Copyright, Designs and
Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency
Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP, UK, without the permission in writing of
the Publisher. Requests to the Publisher should be addressed to the Permissions Department,
John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 8SQ,
England, or emailed to permreq@wiley.co.uk, or faxed to (þ44) 1243 770620.
This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to
the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the Publisher is not engaged
in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is
required, the services of a competent professional should be sought.
Other Wiley Editorial Offices
John Wiley & Sons Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
Jossey-Bass, 989 Market Street, San Francisco, CA 94103-1741, USA
Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, Boschstr. 12, D-69469 Weinheim, Germany
John Wiley & Sons Australia Ltd, 33 Park Road, Milton, Queensland 4064, Australia
John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pte Ltd, 2 Clementi Loop #02-01, Jin Xing Distripark, Singapore 129809
John Wiley & Sons Canada Ltd, 22 Worcester Road, Etobicoke, Ontario, Canada M9W 1L1
Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not
be available in electronic books.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Strongman, K. T.
The psychology of emotion : from everyday life to theory / Kenneth
T. Strongman.– 5th ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and indexes.
ISBN 0-471-48567-5 – ISBN 0-471-48568-3 (pbk.: alk. paper)
1. Emotions. I. Title
BF531 .S825 2003
152.4–dc21 2002155461
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 0-471-48567-5 (hbk)
ISBN 0-471-48568-3 (pbk)
Project management by Originator, Gt Yarmouth, Norfolk (typeset in 10/12pt Times and Stone Sans)
Printed and bound in Great Britain by Biddles Ltd, Guildford and King’s Lynn
This book is printed on acid-free paper responsibly manufactured from sustainable forestry
in which at least two trees are planted for each one used for paper production.
For my family, past and present, now delightfully blended, and especially for Averil,
who makes anything possible
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
Contents
Preface ix
1 An introduction 1
Some real life; What a theory of emotion should do; How to use
this book; Summary; Further reading
2 Early theory 9
Some real life; Early philosophical theories of emotion; Darwin;
McDougall; James–Lange; Cannon (Cannon–Bard theory); Papez;
Duffy; Conclusions; Summary; A question of application; Further
reading
3 Phenomenological theory 21
Some real life; Stumpf; Sartre; Buytedjik; Hillman; Fell; de Rivera;
Denzin; Stein, Trabasso and Liwag; Self, identity and well-being;
Conclusions; Summary; A question of application; Further reading
4 Behavioural theory 39
Some real life; Watson; Harlow and Stagner; Millenson;
Weiskrantz; Hammond; Gray; Staats and Eifert; Conclusions;
Summary; A question of application; Further reading
5 Physiological theory 53
Some real life; Earlier physiologically based views;
The neuroscience approach; The evolutionary approach;
Conclusions; Summary; A question of application; Further reading
6 Cognitive theory 75
Some real life; Maranon; Arnold; Schachter; Leventhal; Bower;
Oatley and Johnson-Laird; Lazarus; Ellsworth; Frijda;
The cognition–emotion relationship; Conclusions; Summary;
A question of application; Further reading
7 Ambitious theory 101
Some real life; Leeper; Tomkins; Averill; Mandler; Buck; Oatley and
Johnson-Laird; Izard; Ortony; Frijda; Conclusions; Summary;
A question of application; Further reading
8 Specific emotions theory 131
Introduction; Anger; Anxiety and fear; Happiness; Sadness;
Disgust; Jealousy and envy; Grief; Love; Shame and other
self-conscious, self-reflexive emotions; Conclusions; Summary;
A question of application; Further reading
9 Developmental theory 153
Some real life; Sroufe; Giblin; Attachment theory; Fischer, Shaver and Carnochan; Izard
and Malatesta (Malatesta-Magai); Malatesta-Magai; Izard, again; Camras; Lewis; Harris;
Cognition in development; Emotion regulation; Conclusions; Summary; A question of
application; Further reading
10 Social theory 177
Some real life; Davitz – a dictionary; Eibl-Eibesfeldt – ethology; Frijda – dimensionality;
de Rivera – social relationships; Berscheid – more social relationships; Rime
´
– social
sharing; Heise and O’Brien – group expression; Ekman – facial expression; Conclusions;
Summary; A question of application; Further reading
11 Clinical theory 193
Some real life; Cognitive approaches to emotional dysfunction; Anxiety; Depression; Stress
and coping; Psychophysiology, psychosomatics and health; Alexithymia; Conclusions;
Summary; A question of application; Further reading
12 The individual and the environment 221
Some real life; Personality; Sex; Gender; Artificial emotion; The environment; Spirituality;
Conclusions; Summary; A question of application; Further reading
13 Emotion and culture 239
Some real life; Emotion at work; Emotion and sport; Emotion and the arts; Conclusions;
Summary; A question of application; Further reading
14 Theory outside psychology 257
Some real life; Philosophy; History; Anthropology; Sociology; Culture; Conclusions;
Summary; A question of application; Further reading
15 Emotion themes 279
Some real life; Summary of theoretical perspectives; Biological foundations; Social
construction of emotions; Postmodern themes in emotion; Emotion as discourse; Emotional
experience; Emotions and morality; Emotions and feelings; Conclusions; Summary; A final
question of application; Further reading
References 301
Author index 319
Subject index 325
viii Contents
Preface
A fifth edition. Phew! Over a 30-year time span. Where has it gone?
Putting such thoughts to one side, the great thing is that during those
30 years the study of emotion has begun to come of age, in a serious
way. In the early 1970s there was little information and a general
eschewing of emotion by psychologists. The reasons for this are best
developed in another context; for now it is enough to say that the
study of emotion seemed a little difficult to pursue with the type of
scientific rigour that many psychologists had come to believe was the
only way forward. No matter that emotion is an integral part of
human existence.
Because emotion is inescapable, its study had to develop, and
the various editions of this book have reflected that development.
Meanwhile, many other texts on emotion have appeared, to the
great credit of those who have produced them. At last, we are
getting somewhere and not merely within psychology. Emotion is
such a ubiquitous aspect of life that it can be viewed from multiple
perspectives.
Moreover, in the last few years, the importance of emotion in
everyday life, at work, in sport, at home, within the arts and so on
has also come to be recognised by those who study it. Of course, its
importance in those contexts has long been recognised by those who
don’t study it. But that is another matter. Received wisdom, both of
the everyday sort and the academic variety, is at last moving away
from the idea that emotion is to be contrasted with reason and then
ignored as irrelevant. Emotion has its part to play throughout the
lives of all of us, every day. Indeed, it is the very stuff of those lives.
So how we regulate emotion, whether or not we might be described
as emotionally intelligent, and in what ways emotion can dys-
function, if at all, have come to be hot topics. Even within the
realms of clinical psychology, the role of emotion is no longer
simply assumed – it is now being studied.
So, what of this fifth edition of The Psychology of Emotion?
The fourth edition made an honest attempt to deal with emotion
from a theoretical perspective, not ignoring empirical work, but
not discussing it in detail either. The reason for this was that there
was simply too much empirical work to consider in a single text that
was aimed at being inclusive. Naturally, however, empirical work
informed the synthesis attempted in that edition. The present
edition remains theoretically based, its structure similar to the
fourth edition. It has of course been brought up to date as far as possible, any omissions
being entirely due to a lack of diligence on the part of the author. If there are such
omissions and they are irritating, then I apologise. A negative emotional reaction is the
last thing that a book on emotion should engender.
The attempt has also been made in this edition of the book to bring it into
everyday life, having the various theoretical approaches reflected by creating examples
that are grounded in the world at large. If any theory about human existence, no
matter from which discipline it derives, cannot be so grounded then one would
question its usefulness. Similarly, by asking the reader questions that are aimed at
being provocative, the goal has been to give the book an applied flavour. Thus, each
chapter begins and ends in this way, even though the middle ground might be quite
heady, theoretically. For me, the interplay between theory and the practicalities of daily
life are what psychology and the other social sciences depend on.
In detail, some chapters are quite similar in the fourth and fifth editions and some
are very different. This reflects what has happened in the intervening six or seven years
and how the interests of those who work in the field have developed. Themes have
emerged and are strengthening. For example, there is a fine interplay between the
biologically based theorists, consistently taking a functional, evolutionary view of
emotion, and the social constructionists, who prefer to emphasize societal influences
on emotion. Postmodern thought is in there, as are recent developments in cultural
theory and a consideration of the role of emotion in the moral order, long discussed by
philosophers.
This is sufficient to give an idea of what has been attempted in this fifth edition.
Those who read it should learn much about emotion theory and should be able to
understand emotion within an everyday framework. That, at least, is the aim.
As ever with a book, one owes a debt to many people. The most important of
these are my family to whom this book has been dedicated, but there are also others.
I thank all those theorists who have written so cogently in their attempts to grapple
with such a basic but nevertheless difficult topic. In particular, I include here the
members of the International Society for Research on Emotion. They are a fine
interdisciplinary group of scholars who have moved our understanding of emotion
on apace. I am also indebted to year after year of graduate students who share my
enthusiasm for the study of emotion. Their freshness is invigorating and their insights
significant. It is always a privilege to be with them. And it has been a privilege to have
been prompted by the publishers into this fifth edition.
x Preface
Chapter 1
An introduction
It is inconceivable to me that there could be an approach to the mind, or to
human and animal adaptation, in which emotions are not a key component.
Failure to give emotion a central role puts theoretical and research psychology
out of step with human preoccupations from the beginning of recorded time.
R. S. LAZARUS, 1991
‘Normal insanity’ begins when the emotions are aroused.
C. G. JUNG, 1940
Some real life 2
What a theory of emotion should do 3
How to use this book 5
Summary 7
Further reading 7
Some real life
I
t is late at night and you are sitting quietly. The neighbours are all away. Suddenly,
there is a huge thump on the front door, a scream and then a deathly quiet. You
pick up the telephone extension to make a call and hear your partner having a quietly
intimate conversation.
Y
ou are in the manager’s office waiting for him to return. You decide to peek at the
papers on his desk and as you do so he walks in.
Y
ou check your lotto ticket and find that you have won $10,000.
Y
ou are out walking and coming towards you you see a close friend who has been
away for some years.
Y
ou are out walking with your partner and are suddenly surrounded by a bikers’ gang
blasting you with aggressive dust and noise.
Emotion is a daily, if not a moment-by-moment, occurrence. However, a treatise on
emotion theory has to jump away temporarily from the everyday and instead begin with
a consideration of what makes a good theory of emotion. If one were setting out to
build a theory of emotion, what would one necessarily include, what issues would have
to be dealt with? Although these are perfectly reasonable questions, they do not delve
quite far enough. In order to make judgements about what is a good theory of emotion
it is important to have some understanding of what makes a good theory in general, or,
if not in general, at least in the science of psychology. This, then, is the starting point.
There have been many penetrating analyses of the characteristics of good theory,
but to reiterate them would be to go too far. It is enough to mention a few that might be
considered particularly significant in the context of the present endeavour.
Any theory should not only provide a cogent summary of some aspect of the
world but should also have reasonable explanatory power. In the world of emotions,
does a particular theory explain things that other theories do not? Does it explain things
better than other theories? Related to this, is a theory expressed in a language that is
(logically) consistent?
Of course, it is often not these two characteristics that are put first in any con-
sideration of the value of a scientific theory. Frequently, pride of place is given to the
degree to which a theory leads to testable predictions. Of course, this is an important
characteristic of theory evaluation, and should be taken into account, but it is not the
most important. Nor, in the view of the author, is it a necessary aspect of good theory.
Arguably of more importance than the capacity to generate testable predictions,
in an area as complex and fraught with difficulties as emotion, the worth of a theory
might depend more on the extent to which it generates new ideas or provides new ways
of looking at things. If a theory prompts a critical re-evaluation of thought, which in
turn might lead to the sort of theory from which testable predictions jump out, then it
has been worthwhile.
2 The Psychology of Emotion
Finally, when considering theory on this broad front, and particularly in an area
as wide-ranging as emotion, there is the question of the focus of the theory. Is it general
or is it more circumscribed and critical. There might be a cogent and useful theory of
emotion in general or of fear or guilt in particular. There might be a theory that is
concerned solely with the links between emotion and memory or with emotional
expression and recognition, for example. Or a theory might have far broader concerns;
for example, with the links between emotion and culture. Both types of theory have
their place, but it is important that the extent of a theory’s domain be made clear.
Again, this is a general quality on which it is important to judge the worth of a theory.
What a theory of emotion should do
With these more general concerns as a background, the foreground is taken up with
emotion theories themselves. What should they accomplish if they are to be judged as
worthwhile, as good theories? A useful way of attempting to answer this question is to
consider the views of some of the more recent emotion theorists.
However, standing out from the foreground is emotion itself; the true starting
point has to be what it is that the theories are set to account for. A general theory of
emotion must have a place for a scream of anguish, a sob of grief, a peal of laughter, a
blush of embarrassment and a squirm of shame. It has to deal with stomach-knotting
disgust of putrefaction, the pride in a child’s achievements and the yearning to be
nurtured (amae) that characterizes Japanese society. It should have room for the
seeming threat to life of a panic attack and the suicidal despair and hopelessness of
clinical depression.
Emotion permeates life, it is there as a subtext to everything we do and say. It is
reflected in physiology, expression and behaviour; it interweaves with cognition; it fills
the spaces between people, interpersonally and culturally. Above all, emotion is centred
internally, in subjective feelings. Like physical pain, emotion provides us with personal
information that is integral to our well-being or, in the extreme, to our survival.
To return to the characteristics of a ‘good’ theory of emotion, Lazarus (1991a, b)
lists 12 issues that any theory of emotion should address:
(1) definition;
(2) the distinction between emotion and non-emotion;
(3) whether or not emotions are discrete;
(4) the role of action tendencies and physiology;
(5) the manner in which emotions are functionally interdependent;
(6) the links between cognition, motivation and emotion;
(7) the relationship between the biological and sociocultural bases of emotion;
(8) the role of appraisal and consciousness;
(9) the generation of emotions;
(10) the matter of emotional development;
(11) the effects of emotion on general functioning and well-being; and
(12) the influence of therapy on emotion.
An introduction 3